InVivoMAb anti-human CD28
Product Description
Specifications
| Isotype | Mouse IgG2a |
|---|---|
| Recommended Isotype Control(s) | InVivoMAb mouse IgG2a isotype control, unknown specificity |
| Recommended Dilution Buffer | InVivoPure pH 7.0 Dilution Buffer |
| Conjugation | This product is unconjugated. Conjugation is available via our Antibody Conjugation Services. |
| Immunogen | Human T lymphocytes |
| Reported Applications | in vitro T cell stimulation/activation |
| Formulation |
PBS, pH 7.0 Contains no stabilizers or preservatives |
| Endotoxin |
≤1EU/mg (≤0.001EU/μg) Determined by LAL assay |
| Purity |
≥95% Determined by SDS-PAGE |
| Sterility | 0.2 µm filtration |
| Production | Purified from cell culture supernatant in an animal-free facility |
| Purification | Protein G |
| RRID | AB_2687729 |
| Molecular Weight | 150 kDa |
| Storage | The antibody solution should be stored at the stock concentration at 4°C. Do not freeze. |
| Need a Custom Formulation? | See All Antibody Customization Options |
Application References
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Hill, E. V., et al (2015). "Glycogen synthase kinase-3 controls IL-10 expression in CD4(+) effector T-cell subsets through epigenetic modification of the IL-10 promoter" Eur J Immunol 45(4): 1103-1115.
PubMed
The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) plays an important role in balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We have examined the role of GSK3 in production of IL-10 by subsets of CD4(+) T helper cells. Treatment of naive murine CD4(+) T cells with GSK3 inhibitors did not affect their production of IL-10. However, treatment of Th1 and Th2 cells with GSK3 inhibitors dramatically increased production of IL-10. GSK3 inhibition also led to upregulation of IL-10 among Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets isolated from human blood. The encephalitogenic potential of GSK3 inhibitor treated murine Th1 cells was significantly reduced in adoptive transfer experiments by an IL-10-dependent mechanism. Analysis of the murine IL-10 promoter in response to inhibition of GSK3 in Th1 cells showed modification to a transcriptionally active state indicated by changes in histone H3 acetylation and methylation. Additionally, GSK3 inhibition increased expression of the transcription factors c-Maf, Nfil3, and GATA3, correlating with the increase in IL-10. These findings are important in the context of autoimmune disease since they show that it is possible to reprogram disease-causing cells through GSK3 inhibition.
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Huang, X., et al (2021). "DNA scaffolds enable efficient and tunable functionalization of biomaterials for immune cell modulation" Nat Nanotechnol 16(2): 214-223.
PubMed
Biomaterials can improve the safety and presentation of therapeutic agents for effective immunotherapy, and a high level of control over surface functionalization is essential for immune cell modulation. Here, we developed biocompatible immune cell-engaging particles (ICEp) that use synthetic short DNA as scaffolds for efficient and tunable protein loading. To improve the safety of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, micrometre-sized ICEp were injected intratumorally to present a priming signal for systemically administered AND-gate CAR-T cells. Locally retained ICEp presenting a high density of priming antigens activated CAR T cells, driving local tumour clearance while sparing uninjected tumours in immunodeficient mice. The ratiometric control of costimulatory ligands (anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies) and the surface presentation of a cytokine (IL-2) on ICEp were shown to substantially impact human primary T cell activation phenotypes. This modular and versatile biomaterial functionalization platform can provide new opportunities for immunotherapies.
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Koh, J., et al (2020). "MDSC subtypes and CD39 expression on CD8(+) T cells predict the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC" Eur J Immunol 50(11): 1810-1819.
PubMed
The major suppressive immune cells in tumor sites are myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and Treg cells, and the major roles of these suppressive immune cells include hindering T-cell activities and supporting tumor progression and survival. In this study, we analyzed the pattern of circulating MDSC subtypes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whether those suppressive immune cells hinder T-cell activities leading to poor clinical outcomes. First, we verified PMN-MDSCs, monocytic-MDSCs (M-MDSCs), and Treg cells increased according to the stages of NSCLC, and MDSCs effectively suppressed T-cell activities and induced T-cell exhaustion. The analysis of NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy demonstrated that low PMN-MDSCs, M-MDSCs, and CD39(+) CD8(+) T cells as an individual and all together were associated with longer progression free survival and overall survival, suggesting PMN-MDSCs, M-MDSCs, and CD39(+) CD8(+) T cells frequencies in peripheral blood might be useful as potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Bushkin, Y., et al (2015). "Profiling T cell activation using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry" J Immunol 194(2): 836-841.
PubMed
Flow cytometric characterization of Ag-specific T cells typically relies on detection of protein analytes. Shifting the analysis to detection of RNA would provide several significant advantages, which we illustrate by developing a new host immunity-based platform for detection of infections. Cytokine mRNAs synthesized in response to ex vivo stimulation with pathogen-specific Ags are detected in T cells with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by flow cytometry. Background from pre-existing in vivo analytes is lower for RNAs than for proteins, allowing greater sensitivity for detection of low-frequency cells. Moreover, mRNA analysis reveals kinetic differences in cytokine expression that are not apparent at the protein level but provide novel insights into gene expression programs expected to define different T cell subsets. The utility of probing immunological memory of infections is demonstrated by detecting T cells that recognize mycobacterial and viral Ags in donors exposed to the respective pathogens.
Product Citations
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Human MAdCAM-1 antibodies as targeted immune modulators.
In Sci Rep on 27 November 2025 by Sparkes, A., Matus, E. I., et al.
PubMed
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a highly prevalent condition characterized by chronic inflammation present along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Mitigation of symptoms is critical to the quality of life of patients. Targeting Mucosal Addressin-Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), a cell surface antigen predominantly expressed on endothelial cells of venules located in the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon, represents an attractive marker to locally deliver therapeutics that dampen inflammation associated with IBD. As such, mAbs derived from eight hybridoma clones were characterized, shown to bind to human MAdCAM-1 with dissociation constants in the low to sub-nanomolar range and were able to detect human MAdCAM-1 transiently expressed on the surface of cells. Interestingly, only 4 of these antibodies detected MAdCAM-1 on the venules of human small intestinal tissue by immunohistochemistry. Importantly, these 4 antibody clones, 1B10, 11C3, 7A2, and 2F3 behave as strong antagonists, able to block MAdCAM-1 costimulation of primary human CD4+ T cells. These antibodies or related anti hMaDCAM-1 scFv bispecifics may serve as targeted therapeutics to the GI tract for treating IBD.
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Lymphotoxin-driven cancer cell eradication by tumoricidal CD8 + TIL
In bioRxiv on 19 November 2025 by Xie, H., Jiang, A., et al.
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High-throughput single-cell density measurements enable dynamic profiling of immune cell and drug response from patient samples.
In Nat Biomed Eng on 1 November 2025 by Wu, W., Ishamuddin, S. H., et al.
PubMed
Cell density, the ratio of cell mass to volume, is an indicator of molecular crowding and a fundamental determinant of cell state and function. However, existing density measurements lack the precision or throughput to quantify subtle differences in cell states, particularly in primary samples. Here we present an approach for measuring the density of 30,000 single cells per hour by integrating fluorescence exclusion microscopy with a suspended microchannel resonator. This approach achieves a precision of 0.03% (0.0003 g ml-1) for cells larger than 12 μm in diameter. In human lymphocytes, we discover that cell density and its variation decrease as cells transition from quiescence to a proliferative state, suggesting that the level of molecular crowding decreases and becomes more regulated upon entry into the cell cycle. Using a pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft model, we find that the ex vivo density response of primary tumour cells to drug treatment can predict the in vivo tumour growth response. Our method reveals unexpected behaviour in molecular crowding during cell state transitions and suggests density as a biomarker for functional precision medicine.
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The Antisense Protein ASP of HIV-1 Enhances Viral Entry in CD4+ T Cells.
In Viruses on 30 September 2025 by Houmey, M. A., Caico, I., et al.
PubMed
The negative strand of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) proviral genome contains an antisense open reading frame encoding a protein (ASP) with no known homologs. The presence of immune responses to ASP in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) demonstrates its expression in vivo. Further, the predicted hydrophobicity of ASP is consistent with its association with the plasma membrane and viral envelope. Despite this body of evidence, the role of ASP in HIV-1 replication remains unknown. In this report, we investigated the hypothesis that the presence of ASP on the viral surface enhances HIV-1 entry into target cells. We generated an ASP-knockout replication-competent HIV-1 molecular clone in the NL4-3 background, which we used to perform cell-cell fusion, viral entry, and viral replication assays. Our results suggest that the presence of ASP on the plasma membrane of infected cells and the envelope of HIV-1 virions enhances viral transmission. Overall, our studies provide first evidence that ASP plays a role in the HIV-1 replication cycle. Further investigation into these observations may lead to the identification of new HIV-1 vulnerabilities that may be the target of novel interventions.